Beautifully staged, it marks a quantum leap in theatrical development from Lovett's first play, The Deadman's Beard. |
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Its next best performance was in 1998 when the quantum of floodwater released touched a high of 10 lakh cusecs. |
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I was hoping today to write about quantum gravity, after once and for all explaining the mysteries of quantum mechanics in the previous post. |
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In a Bose-Einstein condensate, a clump of atoms shares the same quantum wave function, just like the photons in a laser beam. |
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Experts say the results are an important step toward building quantum devices that could be used for quantum modeling and cryptography. |
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Up to this stage quantum theory was set up in Euclidean space and used Cartesian tensors of linear and angular momentum. |
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The study of molecular and atomic structure is called quantum chemistry, or quantum mechanics. |
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Recall also that one of the initial triumphs of quantum mechanics was to explain the stability of atoms. |
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Electron on-off switching in mercury triatomic clusters was demonstrated from quantum beat experiments. |
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So in the physics department we have classes on the arrow of time, quantum mechanics for everyone. |
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It then had a major impact on having quantum theory and the Bohr theory of the atom accepted by the British scientific community. |
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They may have translated the archaic terms into scientific-sounding language, but it's the same old vitalism, dressed up as quantum physics. |
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They conjecture that an evolutionary quantum leap happened after an archaebacterium swallowed a eubacterium. |
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Electrons move from one orbital into another by absorbing or emitting a quantum of energy, just as Bohr explained. |
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Bohr realized that the idea of a quantum of energy could explain how the electrons in the atom are arranged. |
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A second problem also led to a quantum theory of light, and this time to a belief in the physical reality of the quanta. |
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A second result of significance is that the size of the quantum is the same for release and for stretch. |
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The saturation of receptors at a single central synapse by a quantum of neurotransmitter is the subject of much controversy. |
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The other issue is the quantum of spousal support payable from the respondent to the applicant. |
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It follows that the quantum of damages in private nuisance does not depend on the number of those enjoying the land in question. |
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Courriere denies the plaintiff's allegations and disputes the quantum of damages in his statement of defence. |
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The precise quantum of the damages was a relatively minor point in this action and should not be difficult to resolve. |
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Counsel for the Defendants denies liability and contests the quantum of damages. |
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The authorities give judges no help in directing juries on the quantum of exemplary damages. |
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That judgment reflected a reduction in the agreed quantum of damages suffered by the plaintiff. |
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The quantum of support requires a finding as to the income of the Respondent. |
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Under Bill 164 the only issue is the quantum of general damages in light of his injuries. |
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Assessing his prospects of success in those claims and the quantum of any damages requires many of the underlying issues to be tested or tried. |
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We also require details of the quantum of the claim including a breakdown of the elements of the costs and how they have been incurred. |
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In effect, Dr. Rosen did not give a report on the quantum of damages suffered by the plaintiff. |
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In the meanwhile, the quantum of water released to the Indira Gandhi Canal was also increased, he said. |
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You would need to go the second step and, in addition, you would need to know the quantum of the shares. |
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The quantum and the interest rate are not known, according to sources in the banking industry. |
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Loop quantum gravity is a way to quantise space time while keeping what General Relativity taught us. |
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Then similar wisdom was applied to the strong nuclear force to yield quantum chromodynamics, or QCD, and this theory was also renormalizable. |
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Scientists have discovered how the performance of a quantum computer can be affected by its surrounding environment. |
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But to perform the logic operations vital to a quantum computer, two qubits have to become entangled. |
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The strange properties of the quantum world should allow a quantum computer to outperform any existing computer. |
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However, Deutsch has argued that it may be that all finite systems in Nature can be simulated by a quantum computer. |
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However, it will still take a lot of work to build a useful quantum computer. |
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Ions are arguably the leading candidate for use as qubits in a quantum computer. |
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This allows the quantum computer to efficiently carry out a large number of calculations simultaneously. |
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When a quantum computer tries to copy a qubit, it forces the qubit to become either one or zero and destroys the information. |
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The high efficiency of a quantum computer facilitates computing far beyond the capacity of present-day equipment. |
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Although possibly still decades from fruition, a quantum computer would work much faster than today's computers. |
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By combining the register and gate there would then be all the basic components available for developing a quantum computer with neutral atoms. |
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An array of only 30 phosphorus atoms could act as the heart of a quantum computer more powerful than today's supercomputers. |
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The basic idea of quantum computing is to store data in the nuclei of atoms by altering their orientation, thereby producing a binary scheme. |
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As well as possible applications in quantum computing, tunable Josephson junctions could be used to sense tiny variations in magnetic fields. |
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When hit with light, the quantum dot emits a particular color based on its size. |
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Chen and Gerion obtained a portion of this protein and attached it to the quantum dot. |
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In the new study, scientists applied voltage to the electron in a quantum dot, which is a tiny, nanometer-sized semiconductor. |
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Here is the great American physicist Richard Feynman describing the success of quantum electrodynamics. |
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The electromagnetic interaction is described by the theory of quantum electrodynamics, one of the most successful theories of physics. |
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At the heart of these experiments is the Casimir effect, a phenomenon from quantum electrodynamics. |
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For this reason physicists sought the quantum theory of electromagnetism or quantum electrodynamics. |
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This is nowhere more obvious than in quantum electrodynamics which is the most accurate theory in the history of science so far. |
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There was only one talk about physics itself, a brief tutorial on quantum electrodynamics by Joe Polchinski. |
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A different approach, known as loop quantum gravity, describes the gravitational interaction in terms of variables on a loop. |
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Unfortunately, while we have good theories of atomic physics, we don't real have a good theory of quantum gravity. |
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As such, it may be a quantum jump to practice in the absence of diagnosis and prognosis and then proceed immediately to treatment. |
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There's been a quantum jump in threats, but not a quantum jump in resources. |
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Only that he made a quantum jump from the realistic style of presentation used in the first two plays to a stylised one in this play. |
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According to this idea, loss of Uox activity might result in a quantum jump in intellectual capability and thus trigger emergence of man. |
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There are great opportunities for making a quantum jump in social and economic development. |
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But the results were startling enough, suggesting the potential for a quantum jump in the accuracy and effect of American fire power. |
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Nicely priced, it's a fine bridge between the home player to the individual ready for that quantum jump to bigger money and tougher players. |
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However, what regulars at the music section will love the most is the quantum jump in the number of CDs on the racks. |
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Enormous improvements in the associated technology have enabled nothing less than a quantum leap forward. |
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Instead, you'll stand in front of monuments where civilization took a quantum leap forward. |
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Although the Google founders were sure their technology was a quantum leap forward, they had no clue how to turn it into a business. |
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A comprehensive rethink that puts tackling racism at a Cabinet level along with the other measures will be a quantum leap forward. |
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The facility in Athens is a quantum leap forward, even from the setup in Sydney. |
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The Victims' Rights Act represents a quantum leap forward in the recognition of victims' rights. |
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Given these figures and the increased complexity of hybrids, they do not seem to be such a quantum leap forward. |
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It's a quantum leap forward and it certainly brings it to everybody's attention. |
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The development of methods for analyzing inflammation in small airways would be a quantum leap forward. |
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Not only is the Farrelly brothers' latest film the funniest film of the year, it marks a quantum leap forward for the film-making duo. |
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His official courses were on quantum mechanics, classical mechanics, and complex function theory. |
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His interests range from astrophysics and quantum mechanics to mathematical puzzles and games. |
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The theory that describes atoms and their constituents is quantum mechanics. |
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We should stress that at present there are no problems with either quantum theory or general relativity. |
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String theory's claim thus allows quantum mechanics to incorporate gravity and do so successfully. |
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One of the bizarre paradoxes of quantum mechanics is that elementary particles can exist in two or more states at the same time. |
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According to the laws of quantum mechanics, these electrons may exist only in certain states. |
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On the other hand, in quantum mechanics you will deal more with algebraic techniques. |
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For Doppler cooling, we need another detail from quantum mechanics, and a bit of relativity. |
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It can be said that Heisenberg's quantum mechanics has made possible a systemization of spectra of atoms. |
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In fact, it is arguably the most important fundamental concept behind all of quantum mechanics. |
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So with growing trepidation, I searched through my past writings on quantum mechanics. |
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We know from quantum mechanics that nothing is real, except for the observations themselves. |
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What happens when we add quantum mechanics to the analysis of classical black holes? |
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This implies that we will always have uncertainty in any system, not just in quantum mechanics or in mathematics. |
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The entire field of quantum mechanics owes much of its existence to the study of angular momentum. |
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The second question, of course, was rendered questionable by quantum mechanics. |
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Firstly, it consistently embodies both special relativity and quantum mechanics. |
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Similar orbital schemes may be constructed for larger values of the principal quantum number. |
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The successful candidate should be able to demonstrate a solid background and interest in quantum physics and condensed matter theory. |
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One aspect of quantum physics is that the act of observing can change the thing being observed. |
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He offers an eminently readable account of parallel worlds and their various levels, and also runs through the history of quantum physics. |
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Success in this area of research requires a deeper understanding of quantum physics. |
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Researchers have previously demonstrated that single atoms can be used to temporarily store photons in a quantum state. |
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A Bose-Einstein condensate is a peculiar phase of matter in which all the particles in a system occupy the same quantum state. |
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It may run counter to intuition, but that's what standard quantum theory says. |
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While in Russia he wrote two papers on Einstein's relativity theory and one on Planck's quantum theory. |
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Predicted by quantum theory, ghost radiation is a negative energy field that dampens normal positive energy. |
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It seems that many of us have a problem with quantum theory, but quantum theory, it has no problem with us! |
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However there were concepts in the new quantum theory which gave major worries to many leading physicists. |
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These papers opened the way for others to apply quantum theory to the atomic nucleus. |
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One of Penrose's major breakthroughs was his introduction of twistor theory in an attempt to unite relativity and quantum theory. |
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Ehrenfest was unhappy at the disagreement between Bohr and Einstein over quantum theory. |
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Hardy highlights the crucial difference between classical probability theory and quantum theory. |
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According to quantum theory, the state of a particle is described as its wave function. |
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Bell's theorem states that there is no local realistic description of quantum theory. |
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So the obvious next step would be to combine general relativity, the theory of the very large, with quantum theory, the theory of the very small. |
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The only crack we see in the idea of the continuum comes from quantum theory. |
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For example, Werner Heisenberg adopted the photon concept in his development of quantum theory. |
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For the rest of his life, Bell continued to criticise the usual theories of measurement in quantum theory. |
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Hardly was this feeling firmly established when physics was turned on its head by the twin revolutions of quantum theory and relativity theory. |
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Additionally, it is now known that the effective quantum yield of MLCs can be increased by RET to high quantum yield acceptors. |
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The newly-built quantum computer consists of seven qubits, each corresponding to one nucleus in a large molecule. |
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May 4, 1998 after decades of theoretical physics, a 2 qubit quantum computer capable of loading data and reading out a result is announced. |
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The researchers believe that these logic gates could be scaled up to include many qubits in a large, workable quantum computer. |
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A powerful quantum computer that could realize the remarkable potential of quantum computing would need at least many thousands of qubits. |
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The original qubit's quantum properties would be teleported to another qubit as the original qubit is measured. |
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The team is now working to create a quantum gate in which two or more qubits of the register will interact in a controlled way. |
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In principle, tasks such as quantum cryptography, secret sharing and dense coding all benefit from using qudits larger than the qubit. |
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The atoms can act as quantum bits, or qubits, with internal sub-states functioning as the ubiquitous and 1s of computing. |
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Quantum teleportation is the transferring of tiny units of computer information, called quantum bits or qubits, from one location to another. |
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The new work shows how a well-specified bath affects the qubits in a crystal which behaves as a very primitive quantum computer. |
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Direct copying of qubits is prohibited by the rules of quantum mechanics, nature's instruction book for the smallest particles of matter. |
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In addition, they must consider the electrons not as particles, but as quantum mechanical waves. |
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In short, the quantum description of the fundamental forces is designed to do away with action at a distance. |
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The very theory of quantum computers already forces upon us a view of physical reality as a multiverse. |
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Cooling atoms to ultra-low temperatures reveals the striking differences between fermions and bosons at the quantum level. |
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When an electron and a hole interact in a polymer, quantum mechanics tells us that their spins can combine in four different ways. |
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Irradiating such quantum dots with ultraviolet light creates excited electrons and the positive holes they leave behind. |
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But quantum theory said that there is a way to make a star denser than a white dwarf. |
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This correspondence between physical realizability and computability seems to require something like the quantum picture of reality to be true. |
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Only in the study of quantum liquids at temperatures close to absolute zero does experimental accuracy approach Heisenberg's limit. |
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We saw more murders and kidnappings than ever before, and violent crimes took a quantum leap. |
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The Plame investigation took a quantum leap in December 2003, when Attorney General John Ashcroft recused himself. |
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Our understanding of and ability to control quantum systems have never been so good. |
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At the lowest end, though not quite at zero, is the so-called quantum vacuum, also known as the zero-point field. |
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Venus and Mars follow Newton's laws, but electrons are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. |
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I have to say I was somewhat interested in this film which, I was told, was an attempt to explain quantum physics in layman's terms. |
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Are we to suppose that throughout these vast tracts of cosmic space and time, no quantum process resulted in a determinate consequence? |
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Shrinking electronic or mechanical systems further, he says, will inevitably require new paradigms involving quantum theory. |
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The reason for the Zeeman effect is that in a magnetic field, the angular momentum quantum state can undergo a displacement from degeneracy. |
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There are four quantum numbers, n, l, m, and m s, that describe the energy levels, angular momentum, magnetic properties, and spin of the atom. |
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These persistent structures are reminiscent of particles being created and annihilated in a quantum field theory. |
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In a transformation beyond my primitive understanding of quantum physics, the lump became a high performance bobsled. |
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This colour quantum number is additional to leptonic flavour which distinguishes neutrinos from charged leptons. |
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It turns out to be a basic consequence of the two basic principles of quantum theory, the uncertainty principle and the superposition principle. |
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Electrons, however, also have a quantum attribute known as spin, which can point in either a clockwise or an anticlockwise direction. |
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If you were a quantum mechanic tossing a coin, it would land on the table, but no particular side would be facing up until you looked at it. |
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A quantum object ceases to exist here, and simultaneously appears in existence over there. |
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Einstein used Planck's quantum hypothesis to describe the electromagnetic radiation of light. |
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But is education limited to calculus, literature, microbiology, and quantum physics? |
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For a full exploitation of the information content of vibrational spectroscopy, quantum chemical calculations are necessary. |
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Without a knowledge of quantum fluctuation, time reversal and solid light how could our society possibly exist? |
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In addition, the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics prevents speculation on times shorter than 10-43 seconds after the big bang. |
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According to quantum mechanics, a single photon passing through a beam splitter takes both the reflected and transmitted paths simultaneously. |
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The concept immediately excited Niels Bohr, Pauli, Einstein, Heisenberg and others interested in quantum theory. |
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Do aggregates of A2E have a higher singlet-oxygen quantum yield rather than monomers? |
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In the field of physics, a clear line divides quantum mechanics from traditional Newtonian mechanics, but this is not true for chemistry. |
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She aims to make a new type of solar cell by layering arrays of nanoscale semiconductor particles, called quantum dots, with polyelectrolytes. |
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Correction of excitation and emission spectra was performed using a Rhodamine B quantum counter solution and a standard lamp, respectively. |
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The enormous energies required to do this are needed to reveal the quantum nature of gravity. |
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Hilbert spaces, a special type of vector space, form the basis for the whole of quantum mechanics. |
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When postsynaptic receptors are saturated, a quantum of synaptic current corresponds to the response evoked in a single synaptic bouton. |
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Raty and his colleagues calculated that quantum confinement doesn't exist in nanodiamonds, even down to sizes as small as two nanometers across. |
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But then we'd have to get into what quantum thermodynamics means, and well, that's a battle for another day! |
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In quantum mechanics, there are correlated effects that are believed to have no common cause that screens them off. |
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This is a good time to take a quantum leap into unknown territory or new work situations. |
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A blind and irresistible impulse urges you to make a commitment in a personal relationship and take a quantum leap into unknown territory. |
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But that's true of billiard balls and we don't resort to quantum physics to explain the Newtonian behaviour or lots of other stuff. |
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They are restricted to orbit given atoms, and they can only move from one to the other by quantum tunneling. |
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In a few years, we will have quantum computers, and, if I understand the principles, a form of teleportation and faster than light communication. |
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Eventually, quantum confinement effects and tunneling currents dominate the device design. |
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This limitation restricts single-photon quantum information tasks such as teleportation to being probabilistic. |
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During a short tea break, Dyson had connected quantum physics with the Riemann hypothesis. |
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Scientists have recently achieved breakthrough quantum mechanical simulations of magnetic moments at high temperatures. |
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In reality, the gap between subatomic quantum effects and large-scale macro systems is too large to bridge. |
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During the current year, the Zone's quantum of exports has grown 30 per cent to touch nearly Rs.225 crores. |
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This will be used by companies to provide services over the internet that are a quantum leap ahead of today's static and relatively unintelligent websites. |
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The graphics capabilities of Linux have taken a quantum leap forward! |
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Einstein's theory of relativity was ostracized by many scientists in the cause of self-preservation, while quantum mechanics and cybernetics were virtually banned. |
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Research will focus on projects in fuel cell research, magnetic nanostructures, smart coatings, semiconductor quantum dots and biomedical research. |
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The report concludes that to properly address the needs of children in Scotland requires not just money, but a quantum leap in terms of attitudes. |
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Entangled particles are inextricably entwined because they share the same wave function, or quantum description, and therefore, in a sense, the same future. |
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The size and volume of forms and the amount of tax law an individual is expected to comprehend courts the risk that tax evasion will see a quantum leap. |
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Now, if you get as far as getting a quantum computer up and running, if this actually leads to a quantum computer, what sort of things would a quantum computer be able to do? |
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At several commercial and university laboratories there is a rush on to build the first quantum computer that is capable of accessing our parallel universes. |
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David knew that each of the five spherically shaped machines contain just one zligit crystal, each crystal capable of focusing up to twelve megawatts of quantum energy. |
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We may resolve the paradox, say in the Euclidean theory of quantum gravity, but what if the Euclidean theory of quantum gravity doesn't correctly describe our universe. |
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Light intensities were measured ca. every 15 minutes from sunrise to sunset at each microsite on a clear day in summer and winter using a quantum radiometer. |
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Even a biologist must trust what a physicist says about quantum mechanics. |
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Second, quantum theory had become the bizarre world of quantum mechanics in which causality collapses and classical physics finds itself confronted with unscaleable barriers. |
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Sandwiched in the middle of the semiconductor are two layers of quantum wells in which the electrons and holes are created and confined to a 2D world. |
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Working at about the same time, Heisenberg formulated matrix mechanics, which was the first complete and self-consistent theory of quantum mechanics. |
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How curious then that it is his character which evolves more unreadably than Yan's and it is Ming whose ambitions are to make such a quantum leap. |
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This quantum mechanical tunneling process is an important mechanism for thin barriers such as those in metal-semiconductor junctions on highly-doped semiconductors. |
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In 1951 he proposed, what is today called the Schwinger effect in quantum electrodynamics, where electron-positron pairs are sucked out of a vacuum by an electric field. |
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So if we ask what the quantum state is when the clock reads a certain time, there will be additional statistical uncertainties which grow with time. |
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A quantum computer is an extremely small photon driven device which can perform some kind of useful logical work, particularly in the area of encryption. |
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The defendants take no issue regarding the manner of realization of Maple City's assets by the Receiver or the quantum of the outstanding indebtedness. |
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In the answer to this question lies the whole key to quantum mechanics. |
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He majored in mathematical physics, studying mind-bending theories of quantum mechanics and partial differential equations. |
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For that reason, researchers have developed a framework to describe quantum theory in combination with general relativity. |
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Each type of atom and molecule has its own unique spectrum, according to the rules of quantum mechanics. |
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Most of the work in quantum mechanics was in the Galilean approximation. |
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Using just two prisoners, they showed that they could find a better solution to the dilemma than the back-stabbing scenario if both played a particular quantum move. |
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Each quantum number describes the value of a property of the electron. |
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As theoretical objects, wormholes were invented and named in the late 1950s by American physicist John Archibald Wheeler, an early pioneer in the quest for quantum gravity. |
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In 1976 I began investigating what quantum mechanics might have to say. |
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I suppose that this shows up how physical, Newtonian stuff can lead you quite logically to the Alice-in-Wonderland world of relativity and quantum physics. |
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The State Public Defender petitioned for a writ of certiorari, challenging the juvenile court's authority to grant recovery on the basis of quantum meruit. |
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The principal quantum number tells us how far from the nucleus a certain electron is, i.e. what level it occupies, the greater is n, the farther it is from the nucleus. |
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In the quantum mechanical model, the energy of the ground state is not zero, but a finite quantity which is a function of Planck's constant and the vibrational quantum number. |
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They repeatedly zapped a 100-nanometer-diameter raised patch of semiconductor called a quantum dot with laser light delivered through a microscopic glass fiber. |
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The quantum of storage allocated to the user must be increased or decreased as usage changes, and these real-locations must be transparent to the application. |
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Haryana has a sense of grievance at the non-completion of the SYL canal and the consequent non-availability of the quantum of waters allocated to it. |
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Although we can know the everyday world in its Newtonian clarity, we can only know the quantum world if we are prepared to accept it in its Heisenbergian uncertainty. |
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To drop from a higher to a lower, it emitted a quantum of energy. |
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Since even a slight change in its properties can radically alter a quantum dot's performance, the control of properties often creates difficulties in device applications. |
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All of these quantum numbers define the quantum state of the electron. |
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The orbital quantum number, l, gives the angular momentum of the electron. |
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There are the laws of quantum electrodynamics, which control the basic atomic and subatomic structure of all the components of my personal computer's electronics. |
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Now researchers have taken advantage of a proposed quantum effect to construct a Y-shaped, nano electronic circuit that boosts signals spontaneously. |
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It turns out that, both classically and quantum mechanically, there is a close connection between a particle's magnetic moment and its angular momentum. |
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Superpositioning allows the quantum computer to simultaneously store multiple bit patterns, or states, depending on the number of particles in the system. |
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Recent experiments support the idea that crystal defects may be responsible for the quantum tunnelling of magnetic moments in molecular magnets at low temperatures. |
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I had always thought a quantum computer would be the ant's pants. |
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In rare cases where a quantum mechanical effect called tunneling occurs in the reaction, deuterium isotope effects of 20 or more have been observed. |
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By observing the particle types, numbers, and momenta in a jet, one can reconstruct the kinematic and quantum properties of the initially scattered parton. |
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For example, Bohr's atomic theory includes terms like quantum numbers, quantum jump, steady state, and explains spectra described with the help of wavelength. |
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A more illustrative example of the origin of that common usage from the history of physics might be the use of the concept of a quantum jump in the Bohr model of the atom. |
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This group discussed quantum theory, relativity and statistical mechanics. |
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Everyone agrees that the fundamental theory of the strong interaction is a quantum field theory known as quantum chromodynamics, or QCD for short. |
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In secret, using technology known only to themselves, the Ta-Kee were able to open quantum rifts, similar to Portals, between the universes and pass from this to another. |
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The theory of strong interactions, known as quantum chromodynamics, is well-developed and consistent with experiments, although it is not easy to test it very precisely. |
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He suggested that in the first split second after the beginning, the vacuum of the Universe existed in a highly energetic state, as allowed by the quantum rules, but unstable. |
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In quantum physics, all elementary particles such as quarks, electrons and gluons are classified as either fermions or bosons, depending on their spin. |
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We find that our vector field must be less than ten percent of the Planck scale, the fundamental unit in physics where gravity and quantum mechanics come together. |
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They have also helped spur a quantum leap forward in assessing and quantifying the root causes and health consequences of war, disaster, and civil conflict. |
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Historically, the people doing quantum optics and ion traps were closer to the people doing quantum computing, so they were the first to investigate quantum computing. |
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The quality of the athletes, always impressive, seemed to take a quantum leap forward, a happy augur for the future of the sport in this Eastern European nation. |
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For the estimation of the fluorescence quantum yields of INP in different solvents, quinine bisulfate in 1 N sulphuric acid and anthracene in ethanol were used as standards. |
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Acknowledgement represents the smallest quantum of human interaction. |
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The relatively stable ground state of oxygen is a triplet state with two unpaired electrons with the same spin quantum number, each located in different antibonding orbitals. |
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This assumption is made by the hidden-variable theories that have been advanced as alternatives to quantum mechanics and the uncertainty principle. |
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But if quantum theorists are correct, quantum bits, or qubits, will enable more efficient problem solving because a qubit can simultaneously encode both a zero and a one. |
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It was brought about by a quantum jump in the construction of the colony. |
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The results could have applications in quantum computing, where organized arrays of electrons might someday be used to store and process information. |
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The ultracold atoms all fall into the same quantum state, becoming a sort of superatom called a Bose-Einstein condensate. |
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Particles in the quantum realm seem to move about acausally in a purely random and statistical fashion. |
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In the remaining section, we construct a novel model of quantum blackbox algorithms in non-deterministic classical computation. |
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The oddities of quantum mechanics can boggle the minds of students and experienced physicists alike. |
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Bohr's theoretical construct of the atom was soon superseded by quantum mechanics. |
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When cooled slowly correlated proton tunneling occurs below 20 K giving rise to macroscopic quantum phenomena. |
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Furthermore, the quantum thin film of germancite is found to be an intrinsic quantum spin Hall insulator. |
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This was probably the first reported observation of the effects of quantum size, and might be considered to be the birth of nanoscience. |
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He also made significant contributions to the reconciliation of general relativity with quantum mechanics. |
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He completed his PhD in June 1926 with the first thesis on quantum mechanics to be submitted anywhere. |
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This led him to a more profound and significant general formulation of quantum mechanics than was achieved by any other worker in this field. |
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Dirac was famously not bothered by issues of interpretation in quantum theory. |
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Dirac's equation also contributed to explaining the origin of quantum spin as a relativistic phenomenon. |
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Dirac is regarded as the founder of quantum electrodynamics, being the first to use that term. |
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Hawking was the first to set forth a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. |
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Beginning in 1973, Hawking moved into the study of quantum gravity and quantum mechanics. |
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Hawking also began a new line of quantum theory research into the origin of the universe. |
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Since this contradicted the quantum mechanics of microcausality, quantum mechanics theory would need to be rewritten. |
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He asked John Griffith to try to calculate attractive interactions between the DNA bases from chemical principles and quantum mechanics. |
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The effort at resolving these problems led to the development of quantum mechanics. |
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Instead, classical mechanics is now considered an approximate theory to the more general quantum mechanics. |
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Perhaps there is indeterminacy in the macroworld, but quantum theory cannot justify such a claim. |
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Reciprocal field at maxima and minima of magnetoscillations versus Landau quantum number. |
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On the other hand, the Standard Model of Particle physics uses quantum field theory to describe all interactions. |
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There are certainly many, new features to be learnt about the microworld and which quantum mechanics can inform about. |
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Explanation of these phenomena requires more sophisticated physical theories, including general relativity and quantum field theory. |
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In modern physics, action at a distance has been completely eliminated, except for subtle effects involving quantum entanglement. |
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In the decades after the discovery of general relativity, it was realized that general relativity is incompatible with quantum mechanics. |
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His discoveries helped usher in the era of modern physics, laying the foundation for such fields as special relativity and quantum mechanics. |
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For the most accurate predictions in all situations, Maxwell's equations have been superseded by quantum electrodynamics. |
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Detection of gravitons is thus vital to the validation of various lines of research to unify quantum mechanics and relativity theory. |
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One might expect that, as with electromagnetism, the gravitational force should also have a corresponding quantum field theory. |
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For example, in quantum electrodynamics these parameters are the charge and mass of the electron, as measured at a particular energy scale. |
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In the case of quantum mechanics, it is time that is given and not dynamic, just as in Newtonian classical mechanics. |
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In relativistic quantum field theory, just as in classical field theory, Minkowski spacetime is the fixed background of the theory. |
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Loop quantum gravity seriously considers general relativity's insight that spacetime is a dynamical field and is therefore a quantum object. |
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The main result of loop quantum gravity is the derivation of a granular structure of space at the Planck length. |
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The quantum state of spacetime is described in the theory by means of a mathematical structure called spin networks. |
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In the quantum theory, space is represented by a network structure called a spin network, evolving over time in discrete steps. |
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As was emphasized above, quantum gravitational effects are extremely weak and therefore difficult to test. |
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However, in the past decade, physicists have realized that evidence for quantum gravitational effects can guide the development of the theory. |
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If truly primordial, these waves were born as quantum fluctuations in gravity itself. |
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It is expected that none of these peculiar effects would survive in a proper quantum treatment of rotating and charged black holes. |
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Once an event horizon forms, Penrose proved, general relativity without quantum mechanics requires that a singularity will form within. |
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Without a satisfactory theory of quantum gravity, one cannot perform such a computation for black holes. |
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